Key keywords: U.S. new import tariff, Supreme Court tariff ruling, Section 301 tariffs replacement, Biden administration trade policy, U.S. cross-border trade regulation, WTO trade compliance, congressional trade authority, U.S. import taxation reform In a long-awaited move following the U.S. Supreme Court’s June 2024 ruling that struck down the Trump-era Section 301 tariffs as unconstitutional due to lack of explicit congressional authorization, the Biden administration officially rolled out a new tariff framework on Wednesday that will apply to roughly $370 billion worth of imported goods, mostly from China. The new policy draws its legal authority from the 2024 Trade Enforcement and Fairness Act, which Congress passed in July specifically to grant the executive branch clear power to impose targeted tariffs to address unfair trade practices including intellectual property theft and industrial subsidies. Unlike the previous 2018 tariff regime that imposed blanket 7.5% to 25% duties on broad categories of imports, the new framework introduces tiered rates: 25% tariffs remain on steel, aluminum and industrial manufacturing components that directly compete with U.S. domestic production, 10% additional duties apply to new energy products including electric vehicle batteries and solar modules to support the Biden administration’s domestic green industry goals, and tariffs are fully removed for 217 categories of consumer goods including children’s toys, over-the-counter medications and basic apparel to ease inflation pressure on households. U.S. Trade Representative Katherine Tai stated at a press briefing that the new tariff policy went through six rounds of public consultation and received more than 12,000 submissions from industry groups, small business owners and consumers, making it far more transparent and legally sound than the previous regime. The new tariffs are set to take effect in 90 days, with a 30-day public comment window open for businesses to apply for product-specific exemptions. The policy has already drawn mixed reactions: the National Association of Manufacturers praised it as a critical safeguard for 1.2 million domestic manufacturing jobs, while the National Retail Federation warned that remaining tariffs on consumer electronics and home goods will still add an estimated $400 to annual costs for the average U.S. household. China’s Ministry of Commerce issued a statement condemning the new tariffs as a violation of WTO non-discrimination rules, noting that Beijing will take all necessary measures to protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese exporters. Multiple trade groups have also indicated they plan to file legal challenges against the new policy in federal court, arguing that it still exceeds the scope of authority Congress granted in the 2024 trade act.